AN
APPRAISAL OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN FINANCIAL
ACCOUNTING
A
RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF
ACCOUNTING EDUCATION,
EKITI STATE UNIVERSITY,
ADO-EKITI
IN
PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
(EDUCATION) B.SC. (ED) IN ACOUNTING EDUCATION.
DECEMBER, 2017
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I
want to use this medium to express my profound gratitude to Almighty God for
His mercy and protection over me and giving me the strength to put this body of
work together.
I
would like to appreciate the effort of my supervisor Mr. Salako Y.A for his
guidance and support to the success of my project work and for his invaluable
contributions to make this work a reality. I am saying thank you sir, may
Almighty God continue to bless you and your family all through the days of your
life.
I
gratefully appreciate the effort of my HOD Mr. Adebosin, W.G and other
lecturers like Mr. Ayanwole A.A, Mr. Chalrles, and Mr Adeyemi A.P, and Engr.
Salako for their support and the knowledge they impart on me in this wonderful
citadel of learning.
My
sincere appreciation goes to my loving, caring and indispensable parents Mr and
Mrs lawal and Mr Alao for the unconditional love, moral support, spiritual
iv
support they gave me. They taught and support
me financially and spiritually in every way and they taught me to believe in
myself through their faith in me. My prayer for the both of you is that you
will live long to reap the fruit of your labor in good health and Almighty God
give you heaven at last. (AMEN)
My
appreciation also goes to my wonderful friends; Omotoprecious Ventures, Adetola,
Adesanya, Adegbola, Rukayat , Omobolaji,
ABSTRACT
This
study examines the factors affecting students’ academic performance in
Financial Accounting in selected Senior Secondary Schools in Epe Local
Government Education district in Lagos state. The population of the study
comprised of all students in Epe Local Government area of Lagos state using a
descriptive research survey design. Extensive literature review revealed that
there was hardly available record on study of this nature in Epe Local
Government area of Lagos state. A well structured questionnaire was the main
instrument used to elicit information on the study. Using chi-square to test
the hypotheses formulated at 0.05 significant levels. The study revealed that
there is positive attitude to the learning of Financial Accounting and academic
performance in the subject. Teacher’s professional background, experience and
time allocated for Financial Accounting influence the students’ academic
performance positively, while the use of instructional materials also enhanced
the students’ performance in Financial Accounting. The study recommended among
others that qualified, trained and experienced teachers should be employed to
teach Financial Accounting. Students should be encouraged and motivated in
order to improve their performance, they should take learning of Financial
Accounting seriously as a means of making a living and not just for passing
examinations. Also, there should be adequate facilities to enhance effective
teaching of the subject. Thus, if all these recommendations are taken into
consideration, it will reduce failure and also improve the performance of
students in the subject.
v
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table Of
Contents
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Of The Study 1
1.2 Statement
Of The Problem 5
1.3 Purpose
Of The Study 5
1.4 Significant
Of The Study 6
vi
1.5 Limitation
Of The Study 8
1.6 Delimitation of the Study 8
1.7 Research
Questions 8
1.8 Research
Hypothesis 9
1.9 Definition
Of Terms 10
CHAPTER
TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.0 Overview of the Accounting Principles and
Practices 11
2.1 History Of
Accounting In Nigeria 14
2.2 Nature And
Purpose Of Accounting 15
2.3 Types of
Accounting 16
2.4 Use And User Of Accounting Information 17
2.5 Importance
Of Accounting 18
2.6 Equipment
And Facilities Needed For Teaching Book-Keeping And
vii
Accounting And Accounting 19
2.7 Problems
Affecting Accounting Education in Nigeria 23
2.8 The role of
Instructional Materials in Teaching Financial Accounting 26
2.9 Methodology
of Teaching Financial Accounting in SSS level 28
2.10 Equipment and Facilities needed for teaching
Book keeping and Accounting 29
2.11 Qualification of Teacher Teaching Bookkeeping
and accounting 30
2.12 Problems encountered in Teaching Book Keeping
and accounting 31
2.13 Empirical Studies 31
2.14 Conclusion 33
viii
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHOD
3.0 Introduction 34
3.1 Research
Design 34
3.2 Population
Of The Study 35
3.3 Sample And
Sampling Techniques 35
3 4. Research
Instrument 36
3.5 Validation
Of Research Instrument 36
3.6
Administration Of Instrument 36
3.7 Method Of
Data Analysis 37
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
ix
4.0 Introduction 38
4.1 Presentation
And Interpretation Of The Data Analysis 38
4.2 Discussion
Of Findings 51
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary of
Finding 52
5.2
Recommendation 54
Conclusion 58
REFERENCE 61
APPENDIX I 63
APPENDIX II
x
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The National Policy on
Education (2006) defines secondary education as “the education children receive
after primary education and before the tertiary stage. For the secondary
education to achieve its goals, the policy emphasized that it shall be six
years duration given in two stages: a senior secondary school stage and a
senior secondary school stage; each shall be of three years duration.
It further states that the senior secondary school shall be
tution free, universal and compulsory. It shall teach basic knowledge and
skills, which will enable students to acquire further knowledge and skills.
Accounting is one of the subjects which is offered by the
senior secondary school students.
Accounting is a subject designed for the senior secondary
school for students in the commercial department. It enables the learners to
know how to keep records of business activities and have the necessary
sub-skills needed to acquire further skills in their areas of vocational
interest.
The program was introduced into the Nigeria Secondary
school curriculum in 1982 in order to address the country’s economic and
technological deficiencies. Its objectives were to create an opportunity for
students to have a broad understanding of business activities, their functions,
inter relationships between business organizations, and to provide students
with skills for processing information.
Accounting can be defined as “the recording, analyzing,
summarizing and interpretation of the financial records of an organization for
decision purpose”.
Every business requires some form of investment and a
sufficient number of customers to whom its output can be sold at profit on a
constant basis. It can be a profession, occupation or trade. It can also be a
means of livelihood or profit, or an entity that engage in such activities.
“Accounting is an educational process or context, which has
it primary aim, as preparation of people for roles in enterprises, such roles
could be as employees, entrepreneur, accountant, auditor, employer or simply as
self employment” opined (Amao, 2007).
Teaching can be defined as the passing of idea, knowledge,
skills, attitude, beliefs and even feelings to someone that aim at bringing
about certain changes in that person. It can also be defined as an act of
imparting body of knowledge, ideas, and skills unto a person known as the
teacher.
Adesemowo Sotonade and Okubanjo (1998) define learning as
the relatively permanent change in behavioral potentiality that occurs in
learning environment as a result of reinforcement, practice and experience.
In learning, an old behavior is modified or changed and a
new one is established. It is hard to modify and difficult to change especially
if one is not equipped to do so.
However, the teaching and learning of accounting at the
senior secondary school is faced with so many challenges like:
·
The Method of teaching employed by the teacher
·
The ability of the teacher
·
The attitude of the teacher
·
The experience of the teacher
·
Administrative policy of the school
·
The learning environment
·
Inadequate infrastructure and ill-equipped
laboratories
·
Readiness of the teacher
·
Curriculum implementation
As a result of the benefits derived from the study of
accounting and the challenges faced in teaching of the subject, this study seek
to find out how accounting is being taught at the senior secondary school.
1.2 Statement
of the Problem
Generally,
the performances of students virtually
in all subjects especially subject in calculation is poor. The failure of students in Financial Accounting has been a recurring problem in secondary
schools. This has an adverse effect on the subject teacher and the accounting
profession since the performances of the students are yard stick of measuring
teachers success and quality. The researcher is aware of the fact that poor performance
of students in secondary school is associated with problems such as poor
preparation of students toward examination, Students lack of study or reading
habit, lack of student awareness of a subject career and prospects, lack of
good orientation by student and view of the subject, environment problem. The aim of this research is to enhance the
factors influencing students’ performance in Financial Accounting in Secondary
Schools in Epe, Lagos State with a view to improve the situation.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The objective of this study
is to appraise the factors responsible for students poor performance in
Book-keeping and Accounting in Secondary Schools with a view to identify the
contribution of these factors and possible solution to the problems.
The specific objectives are
to:
i.
Identify the effect of professional background of
Book-keeping and Financial Accounting teacher on students academic performance.
ii.
Determine the effect of time allocated to
Book-keeping and Financial Accounting on the school time-table on students’
academic performance.
iii.
Determine the effect of the usage of instructional
materials in Book-Keeping and Financial Accounting on students’ academic
performance.
iv.
Identify ways of correcting the negative effect of
the factors responsible for students’ poor academic performance in Book-Keeping
and Financial Accounting.
1.4 Significance of the Study
This
study will be important to many Nations like Nigeria, which intend to achieve
economic development through formal education.
This
research study would be of special benefit to educational planners in
identifying the various factors, which will relate positively to academic
performance.
The
finding of the study will put the government on a sound footing in grasping
with the problems of implementing the Book-keeping and Financial Accounting. It will also help to
find out if teacher’s job satisfaction will enhance teaching activities that
are directed towards students’ performance.
Furthermore,
the finding of the study would benefit educational counselors who need to
understand that the child is a part of an environment and the motivational
assistance which provided help to influence learning outcomes.
Finally,
the study will guide the Ministry of Education and parent teacher association
(PTA) in their provision and distribution of instructional materials.
1.5 Limitation of the Study
This
research study was not able to cover all the schools in Lagos state due to
time, distance and financial constraints.
Therefore,
only six schools were used and it is hoped that the information collected were
sufficient enough to generalize on the research.
1.6 Delimitation of the Study
To delimit this study, there is need for adequate
funding and time. Government should provide adequate financial assistance to
students who are interested in making research education more attractive.
1.7 Research Questions
The
situation in Epe Education District in Lagos State Secondary schools, as it
affects student’s performance either positive or negative in Book keeping and
account can be found out throujhg the use of these research questions:
i. Does
the professional background of the account teacher have influence on the
students performance in the subject?
ii. Would
the time allocated to account on the school time table affect student’s
performance in the subject?
iii. Would
the use of instructional materials enhance the performance of students in
account?
iv. Does
a conducive environment have impact on student performance in account.
v. What are the possible ways of correcting the negative
effect of the factors responsible for poor performance in Book-Keeping AND
Accounting in Secondary Schools.
1.8 Research Hypotheses
1. There
is no significant difference between the professional background between the
time allocated for account on the school time table and the performance of the
students in the subject?
2. There
is no significant different difference between the time allocated for account
on the school time table and the performance of the students in the subjects.
3. There
is no significant difference between the use of instructional materials and the
performance of students in account.
1.9 Definition of Terms
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: This refer to
the cognitive achievement of students as reflected in the number of
distribution credit , passes
and failure in eacharea as obtained
in their senior secondary certificate examination.
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING: This is the process of recording,
classifying, selecting, measuring,
interpreting and communicating financial data of an organization
to enable users make assessments and decision. It is a discipline which comprises a set of theories and concepts for
processing financial data into information.
SENIOR
SECONDARY SCHOOL: Is the education received after the primary and junior
secondary
school level of education.
VOCATIONAL SUBJECT: Vocational education is education that prepares people to work in various jobs, such as a
trade, a craft, or as atechnician. Vocational
education is sometimes referred to ascareer education or technical education
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