CAUSES OF REPRODUCTIVE
HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG FEMALE ADOLESCENTS STUDENTS OF SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL IN
EPE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF LAGOS
By
ADIGUN ABIOLA
QUDUS
MATRIC NO :
EKSU/EPE/12/0159
A RESRACH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE BIOLOGY EDUCATION DEPARTMENT,
FACULTY OF EDUCATION, EKITI STATE UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF B.SC (ED) DEGREE IN BIOLOGY EDUCATION
DECEMBER, 2017
CERTIFICATION
I
certify that this project was carried out by ADIGUN ABIOLA QUDUS, with Matriculation Number EKSU/EPE/12/0159 in
the department of Biology Education, Ekiti State University under my
supervision.
………………………… …………………
MR.
THOMPSON S.A
Date and signature
Supervisor
…………………………. ………………….
MRS
ADEUJI
Date
and Signature
Head
of Department
………………………………… .………………….
DR.
VIATONU O.A
Date and Signature
Directorate
of Degree Programme
………………………………… …………..…….
External Supervisor
Date and Signature
ii
DEDICATION
This
research project is dedicated to Almighty God and My Lovely Parents, and also
every one other person who have been part of the successful completion of my
course of study and this project. May God bless us all.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My
special thanks go to Almighty God, who granted me the privilege and grace to
finish this course.
I
render my appreciation to my project supervisor, Mr. Thompson S.A, he is a
guardian, he supported morally. I pray your children navigate helper. God bless
you Sir.
Many
thanks to my Head of Department Mrs. Adeuji and other lecturers in the
department of Biology Education, Mrs. Abass Olalekan , Mr. A.A Akeusola, Mr.
Adeyemi Bello, Mrs. Oludipe, Mrs. Balogun, just to mention few for their love ,
reasonable advice, sound academic, moral teaching and assistance. I sincerely
say a big thanks to you all. God will reward you abundantly.
My
deepest appreciation goes to my Parent, Mr. and Mrs. Adigun, and my enormous
appreciation goes to Mr. and Mrs. Balogun for their support, kindness and
generosity towards my education and career. May God bless you abundantly in
Jesus name.
I
would like to convey my heartfelt gratitude to my brothers, Adigun Adeniyi, Adigun
Femi, and all my relatives, for their support and silents prayers. I am
grateful to you all.
I
cannot but appreciate my school and departmental mates. Firstly, the SRC
president Adeyemo Omolara, SRC vice president Odunuga Oluwaseun, Olaniyan
Adesola, Sobowale Adetutu, Abdulkareem Baliqees,Afeez, Lanre, Ayomikun, Mukaila
Taiwo, Ogunfowora Taiwo and others. You are all special, Thank you so
iv
much.
I
appreciate all those that have contributed in one way or the other towards the
success of this research work. I love you all and may almighty God bless you.
(Amen).
Finally,
I appreciate the efforts of Omotoprecious Ventures in the typesetting of this
research work. God bless you all!
v
ABSTRACT
This
study investigated into the causes of reproductive health problems among female
adolescent students of Senior Secondary School Students in Epe Local Government
Area of Lagos State. A total of 300 female adolescents students in six Senior
Secondary Schools were sampled using the simple random sampling technique. The
data was analyzed using the descriptive statistics of frequency counts and
percentage. The following are the results; peer group causes reproductive
health problems among female adolescents students of Senior Secondary Schools
in Epe Local Government Area, Lagos State. Media influence does not cause
reproductive health problem among female adolescents students of Senior
Secondary Schools in Epe Local Government Area of Lagos State. Parental
attitude causes reproductive health problem among female adolescents students
of Senior Secondary Schools in Epe Local Government Area of Lagos State. Early
initiation into sexual and reproductive issue causes reproductive health
problem among female adolescents students of Senior Secondary Schools in Epe
Local Government Area of Lagos State. Lack of knowledge on sexual and
reproductive issue causes reproductive health problem among female adolescents
students of Senior Secondary Schools in Epe Local Government Area of Lagos
State. The following recommendations are made; The Government should help to
prepare a new curriculum package that will include the teaching of reproductive
health in Senior Secondary Schools in Lagos State. The Ministry of Education
should help to monitor and supervise reproductive health in Schools in Lagos
State. Parents should help train children by providing them with necessary
reproductive health knowledge in order to avoid various reproductive health
problems. Non-Government organizations (NGOs) such as UNICEF, USAIDS etc.
should help to organize seminars, conferences and workshops on reproductive
health problems among female Senior Secondary School Students and the public
must be enlightened about reproductive health and education for acceptability.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE i
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
TABLE OF CONTENT v
ABSTRACT vii
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
TO THE STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM 4
1.3 RSEARCH
QUESTIONS 5
1.4 DELIMITATION
OF THE STUDY 5
1.5 LIMITATION
OF THE STUDY 6
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY 6
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 CONCEPT
OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 7
2.2 CONCEPT
OF ADOLESCENT AND ADOLESCENCE 7
2.3 REPRODUCTIVE
HEALTH PROBLEMS 7
OF FEMALE ADOLESCENTS AND CAUSES
2.4 CAUSES
OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROBLEMS 9
2.5 THEORETICAL
LITERATURE 10
2.6 CONCEPTUAL
DEFINITIONS 13
2.7 CONTRACEPTIVE/CONTRACEPTION 16
2.8 REPRODUCTIVE
HEALTH INFORMATION 17
2.9 METHODS
OF CONTRACEPTIVES 18
2.10 KNOWLEDGE
ON REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ISSUES 20
2.11 EMPIRICAL
LITERATURE 24
2.12 FAMILY
AND HOUSEHOLD FACTORS 28
2.13 COMMUNITY
FACTORS 30
vii
2.14 ACCESS
TO INFORMATION ON REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 33
2.15 PERSPECTIVES
OF ADOLESCENTS ON
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH INFORMATION 36
2.16 APPRAISAL
OF LITERATURE REVIEWED 38
CHAPTER
THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 RSEARCH
DESIGN 41
3.2 POPULATION 41
3.3 SAMPLE
AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES 41
3.4 RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT 42
3.5 VALIDITY
OF THE INSTRUMENTS 42
3.6 DATA
COLLECTION 42
3.7 DATA
ANALYSIS 43
CHAPTER
FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 DATA
ANALYSIS 44
4.2 DISCUSSION
OF FINDINGS 48
CHAPTER
FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 SUMMARY 50
5.2 CONCLUSION 50
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS 51
REFERENCES 53
APPENDIX 74
viii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Young generations are the bedrock and the foundation
of any community, this is because the economic growth and development of the
community rest on their strength. However, the reproduction health of some of
these young people especially the adolescents is sometimes challenged thereby
resulting to reproductive health problems that leads to economic waste.
Reproductive
health according to International Conference on Population and Development
(ICPD,1994), is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to
reproductive system and its functions and processes.
National Guidelines Task Force (1996), describes
adolescence as the period of psycho-sexual development between the onset of
sexual maturity (puberty) and early adulthood during which people define self identity.sex
roles and relationship with other persons. Adolescence is further considered as
a time of transition from childhood to adulthood during which there are
physical challenges associated with puberty. (UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/WORLD BANK, 2002).
The World Health
Organisation (WHO,1995) defined adolescents as persons between 11 and 19 years
of age. Alubo (2000) stated that adolescent reproductive health is important contemporary
concerns especially for reproductive health problems such as unintended
pregnancies. Reproductive health problems according to Ukwuje (1996) are those
sexuality issues that occur among human beings due to so many factors that are
not well handled in their environment. Ishola Adedimeji (1999) stated that some
of the reproductive health problems among Nigerian adolescents are reproductive
tracts infections (RTI), unwanted pregnancies, cervical cancer, sexual
abnormally, unsafe abortion, Genital fistuine, Sexually transmitted infections
e.t.c..
Reproductive health of the adolescents and young
people is important to the overall health and quality of life of any community
(National Population Commission, 1992). The large proportion of adolescent
population is enough reason for paying attention to their reproductive health needs,
it affects people’s quality of life, population control and prevention of
gynecological and complication and makes for sustainable health development.
The concept of reproductive health recognizes the special health needs of
adolescents related to their acquisition of the sexual and reproductive
capacity before they have completed their social preparations for adult life
(National Populations Commission, 1992).Adolescent
reproductive health issues have become a global concern in the world
(Dongxian,2009). With the global focus on achieving the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs) by 2015, adolescents’ reproductive health issues, have become
prominent (Ringheim & Gribble,
2010, p. 33). Therefore, investing in reproductive health services
that meet the needs of young women and men is central to reaching MDGs 4, 5, and 6
(Ringheim & Gribble, 2010,
p. 33). The period of adolescence is a transitional period that marks the
end of childhood and the beginning of adulthood and it concerns individuals within the ages
of 10 and 19 years. (Chinyere et al., 2008). The World Health Organization (WHO, 1981)
puts the period of adolescence between 10 and 19 years of age. For the purpose of
this study, adolescent is a young male or female of age between 10 and 19 years. Reproductive health
(RH) affects the total well-being of a person (Chinyere et al., 2008: p. 3). Reproductive health
faces the following challenges: AIDS/HIV, abortions, advocacy, availability and
accessibility of health services (Nema & Sharma, 2007).
In China, the behaviours of adolescents in relation to sexuality
are becoming increasingly profuse with the age of commencement of sexual activities
occurring quite early and the
delay in marrying which is due to modernization, economic
development, and exposure to the mass media (Dongxian, 2009).
In Africa, the adolescent girls in many societies are confronted
with pressure to engage in
sexual activity and are seen to be vulnerable. Ikwuako (2001)
indicates that girls who are
sexually active have a high chance of contracting and transmitting
sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) but they are not adequately aware of protecting behaviour.
Between 26% and 46% of unmarried teens, ages 15-19 in Ghana, Kenya, Liberia and
Togo were reported to be sexually active (Adegoke, 2011). In Ghana, reproductive
health problems are worsened by the early commencement of sexual activity,
inadequate knowledge of contraception and limited access and utilization of
health services
(Awusabo-Asare et a1, 2006)
It is for the above reasons that this study aimed at finding out
the level of knowledge of reproductive health issues among senior high schools girls in the
Greater Accra Region using
Kinbu Senior High School and Apostle Christo Asafo Senior High
School as case studies. The choice of Accra was necessitated by the fact that many parents
in Accra are not able to adequately cater for the needs of their school going girls. As a
result, many of them make a
living through sexual activity (Park et al., 2002; Raymundo
&Laguna, 2001; Cruz, Laguna, &
Raymundo, 2001).
Also, rampant separation between husbands and wives, in Accra do
not make adolescents get both motherly and fatherly love necessary for healthy sexual and
reproductive guidance. (Park et al., 2002; Raymundo &Laguna, 2001; Cruz, Laguna,
& Raymundo, 2001).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Reproductive health of the adolescents is important to
the overall quality of any community (World Bank, 1993). Makinwa (1993), and
Fredman (2000), findings have shown that high level of sexual activity among
Nigeria adolescents lead to reproductive health problems such as unwanted
pregnancy, abortion, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), reproductive
tracts infection (RTI), dropping out from school, single parenthood etc.
1.3 Research Questions
The following research questions were formulated for
this study.
1.
Will
peer pressure be the cause of reproductive health problems among female
adolescents Students of Senior Secondary Schools in Epe Local Government Area of Lagos state?
2.
Will
media influence be the cause of reproductive health problems among female
adolescents Students of Senior Secondary Schools in Epe Local Government Area
of Lagos State?
3.
Will
parental attitude be the cause of reproductive health problems among female
adolescents Students of Senior Secondary Schools in Epe Local Government Area of Lagos state?
4.
Will
early exposure into sexual act and lack of knowledge on sexual and reproductive
issues be the cause of reproductive health problems among female adolescents Students
of Senior Secondary Schools in Epe Local
Government Area of Lagos state?
1.4 Delimitation
of the Study
This study was delimited to the following:
1.
Female
adolescents Students in the Senior Secondary Schools in Epe Local Government Area of Lagos state
2.
Descriptive
survey research design
3.
Descriptive
statistic frequent count and percentage
4.
Self
structured questionnaire as instrument for data collection.
5.
Independent
variable of peer pressure, media influence, parental attitude, early exposure
into sexual act and lack of knowledge on sexual and reproductive issues.
1.5 Limitation of the Study
This study has some limitation in which
the researcher faced during the period of getting information from the audience
in terms of time and finance constraints.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The findings of this study will be of great help to
the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Governmental Organizations, and Private
sectors who are involved in reproductive health programmes. It may also serve
as reference point to researchers as it will contribute to the body of
knowledge as well as stimulate other researchers into studies of similar nature.
Finally, the study may be useful to parents as it will help then to know more
about adolescents reproductive health problems and how to find solutions to the
causes of the problems.
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